Aerospace Engineering Expect Breakthrough in Fluorosilicone Technology
Release time:
2012-10-09 17:05
Source:
作者：李宏乾 文章来源：中国化工报 点击数：95 更新时间：2011-09-09 中化新网讯 “一代材料，一代装备”，随着载人航天、嫦娥工程等重点工程的实施，带动了国内新材料技术的发展，但目前我国高新技术产业急需的许多关键材料仍依赖进口。“有机氟有机硅类材料是航天工业赖以支撑的重要配套材料，我国应以重要的装备需求和专业发展为牵引，针对航天工业急需的有机氟有机硅关键单体及产品，组织应用单位和材料研制生产单位联合攻关，争取在短期内实现这些产品的国产化。”航天材料及工艺研究所赵云峰研究员上周接受记者采访时强调。 国产材料性能尚不稳定 为航天工业配套的特种有机硅有机氟材料必须满足许多极限条件，如高低温、真空、辐射、空间环境、特种介质等。这些材料往往代表了该领域的最高水平，目前大多为国外发达国家的几家专业公司所垄断，如美国的杜邦、道康宁、通用电器，日本的信越、大金，以及欧洲的苏威公司等。尽管国外大公司近年来在国内投资办厂，但可能用于军事装备的关键核心技术和材料对我国禁止输出，严重制约了我国高性能装备的研制和装备性能的提高。赵云峰指出，目前部分国产化高端材料的性能和质量尚不稳定，难以保证及时供货。与此同时，低水平重复的产品较多，没有实现通用化、系列化和标准化，部分产品的订货量太少，生产线维持困难。 需求广种类多批量小 我国氟硅工业与发达国家相比起步较晚，但随着研究队伍的不断壮大，有机氟有机硅材料产品质量不断提高，种类越来越多，特别是近二十年来进入了高速膨胀期。 随着高性能材料如低温氟醚橡胶、全氟聚醚液体橡胶、低温全氟醚橡胶、耐高温硅氮橡胶、耐辐射长寿命硅橡胶、低压缩变形氟树脂等新材料的出现，极大地推动了氟硅材料制备技术进步和应用，进而推动了航天装备技术的发展。 有机氟有机硅类材料的特点是多品种、小批量、技术含量高，赵云峰根据它们在航天工业的应用特点进行了分类介绍。 “作为理想的密封及阻尼材料，氟橡胶和硅橡胶的应用非常普遍。”他介绍，按功能分类，主要包括橡胶密封材料、橡胶阻尼材料、导热及导电橡胶等各类制品。我国航天工业在发展伊始，开展了大量的特种橡胶材料研制攻关工作，在航天领域应用的主要有各类硅橡胶、氟硅橡胶、氟橡胶、羧基亚硝基氟橡胶、氟醚橡胶等。 在含氟塑料方面，聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)具有其他材料所无法比拟的耐溶剂性、化学稳定性、热稳定性和化学惰性，许多纤维增强PTFE制品已经应用于我国的航天产品上。赵云峰指出，目前国内仍缺乏一些高端的、特殊的改性品种，如可用来加工动密封件的高延伸率、低永久变形的改性PTFE等。据悉，适用于液氧液氢的低温密封的聚三氟氯乙烯(PCTFE)，国内已批量生产供货。 关于耐热性和介电性能优异的有机硅树脂，赵云峰指出，这类材料在各种环境条件下的介电性能都比较稳定，缺点是力学强度较低，且须高压成型。目前，俄罗斯对有机硅树脂进行了深入系统的研究，已将有机硅复合材料成功应用于战略导弹、火箭以及航天飞机中。中科院化学所研制的聚硅乙炔树脂具有可融熔特性，有望用作耐烧蚀复合材料基体树脂。 此外，赵云峰介绍，现有的航天防热涂层体系主要包括有机硅、环氧、酚醛等体系，应用于空间航天器及不同仪器设备的表面，是保证航天器内部结构部件、仪器设备在空间环境下处于合适温度范围，并能正常工作的关键材料。根据各种航天器的热控要求，国内已研制出多种牌号、不同太阳吸收比、不同红外辐射率的各类热控涂层。 集中力量立项攻关 对于目前许多关键材料依赖进口的现状，赵云峰提出，我国应积极发挥制度优势做好规划，以重要的装备需求和专业发展为牵引，针对我国高新产业急需的关键有机氟有机硅产品的关键单体及产品，集中力量组建国内产学研相结合、应用单位和材料研制生产单位相结合的攻关团队，立项攻关，争取在短期内实现这些产品的国产化自主保障。 另一方面，充分发挥企业的创新积极性，鼓励企业主导新产品研制开发;同时，发挥行业管理的优势，实现国内稀缺关键单体的自给自足，实现有机氟有机硅材料的产品化、系列化。“应该说，有机氟有机硅产品在航天工业、武器装备和国民经济各行业的应用日趋广泛，用量不断攀升，极有发展前途。”赵云峰认为，这样不可或缺的需求，为有机氟有机硅行业的发展提供了有力的支撑。
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